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Texas Tough
''Texas Tough: The Rise of America's Prison Empire'' is a 2010 book by Robert Perkinson, published by Metropolitan Books.
Perkinson, an American Studies professor at University of Hawaii at Manoa,〔Bergner, Daniel. "The Land of Lock and Key." ''The New York Times Book Review'', March 28, 2010, p.16(L). Online: p. (1 ). Retrieved on July 9, 2014.〕 describes the criminal justice system in Texas and how it formed in the context of the post-United States Civil War environment.〔Abramsky, Sasha. "American Justice." ''Columbia Journalism Review'', May-June, 2010, Vol.49(1), p.55(3) (Reviewed Journal ). Online: May 1, 2010. Online ( p. 1 ). ((Archive )). Retrieved on July 9, 2014.〕 Perkinson states that, unlike the prisons described in his book, the early prison systems studied by many criminologists are those in New England.〔 Perkinson describes the historical system as being punishment-only and primarily motivated to suppress black people when it was no longer possible to legally enslave them without their having committed a crime.〔"(Perkinson, Robert: TEXAS TOUGH )" ((Archive )). ''Kirkus Reviews'', January 1, 2010. Retrieved on July 9, 2014.〕 Therefore Perkinson perceived this system as a continuation of slavery.〔Roth, Mitchel P. "(''Texas Tough: The Rise of America's Prison Empire'' (review) )" ((Archive )). ''Southwestern Historical Quarterly'', 2011, Vol.115(1), pp.106-107 (Reviewed Journal ) - Available at Project MUSE.〕 The book covers the terms of O.B. Ellis and George Beto as the heads of the Texas prison system, as well as the ''Ruiz v. Estelle'' lawsuit.〔Lucko, Paul M. (Murray State University). "Tough on Texas." (Texas Tough: The Rise of America's Prison Empire)(Book review) ''Texas Books in Review'', Fall, 2011, p.4(2).〕 The author argues that in the post-Civil Rights Movement era in the 20th Century the rest of the country ultimately adopted the punitive Southern attitude towards incarceration.〔Bergner, Daniel. "The Land of Lock and Key." ''The New York Times Book Review'', March 28, 2010, p.16(L). Online: p. (2 ). Retrieved on July 9, 2014.〕
The book criticizes the expansion of incarceration and the pro-incarceration political movements.〔
==Background==
The book's title originates from an October 2000 report by the Justice Policy Institute.〔Abramsky, Sasha. "(American Justice )" ((Archive )). ''Columbia Journalism Review'', May-June, 2010, Vol.49(1), p.55(3) (Reviewed Journal ). Online: May 1, 2010. Retrieved on July 9, 2014.〕 Perkinson spent over 10 years researching the book; he consulted 30 archival collections, conducted ethnographic research, and used government records.〔 Perkinson also interviewed David Ruiz, the plaintiff of ''Ruiz v. Estelle''; William Wayne Justice, a federal judge; other current prisoners; former prisoners;〔 prison guards; congressional officials;〔 other writers; reform activists; and attorneys.〔
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